| Abstract
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We present two asynchronous Byzantine faul … We present two asynchronous Byzantine fault-tolerant state machine replication (BFT) algorithms, which improve previous
algorithms in terms of several metrics. First, they require only 2f þ 1 replicas, instead of the usual 3f þ 1. Second, the trusted service
in which this reduction of replicas is based is quite simple, making a verified implementation straightforward (and even feasible using
commercial trusted hardware). Third, in nice executions the two algorithms run in the minimum number of communication steps for
nonspeculative and speculative algorithms, respectively, four and three steps. Besides the obvious benefits in terms of cost, resilience
and management complexity—fewer replicas to tolerate a certain number of faults—our algorithms are simpler than previous ones,
being closer to crash fault-tolerant replication algorithms. The performance evaluation shows that, even with the trusted component
access overhead, they can have better throughput than Castro and Liskov’s PBFT, and better latency in networks with nonnegligible
communication delays. s with nonnegligible
communication delays.
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